Utilizing P-Scores to Quantify Excess Mortality During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Death numbers have been reported since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, but they may not represent the true impact of the pandemic. Excess mortality is a robust metric and a critical indicator of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. P-scores provide estimates of excess mortality and have been widely utilized in many COVID-19 studies around the world. P-score analyses have revealed more pandemic-associated deaths than official COVID-19 statistics alone. While a substantial proportion of excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic can be directly attributed to the virus infection itself, mortality from major non-infectious chronic diseases substantially contributed to an increase in excess mortality P-scores. Thoughtful considerations of approaches to defining counterfactual mortality are important for ensuring the validity of calculated P-scores.

 Read More About This Article: 10.31031/OABB.2024.03.000569

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The Weird Human Sences

Opinion

Well Known Facts

It is rather strange that the nature gave only 5 senses to the human beings. As everybody

knows these senses are: Dactyl -to feel the touch and vibrations, Smell-to feel odors, aromas,

Taste-to feel the tastes, Vision-to view the environment and feel the light and colors, Hearing-

to hear the sounds and noises.

 From physical point of view

The dactyl feeling is a transmission from sensitive nerves of our hands (predominantly,

but also by skin, body and legs) to the brain, where these feelings are transformed into brain

impulses. The range of this sense is between 10-15Hz to more than 20 000Hz depending on

the amplitudes of the vibrations. By this sense is also possible to feel temperature variations

is a very narrow band (-50 0-60 0C to +70 0-80 0C). The taste feeling covers: bitter, sweet, hot,

sour and salty and a small amount of combinations - at all 5 tastes.

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Adapting Hartigan & Wong K-Means for the Efficient Clustering of Sets1

Abstract

This paper proposes an algorithm, named HWK-Sets, based on K-Means, suited for clustering data which are variable-sized sets of elementary items. An example of such data occurs in the analysis of medical diagnosis, where the goal is to detect human subjects who share common diseases so as to predict future illnesses from previous medical history possibly. Clustering sets is difficult because data objects do not have numerical attributes and therefore it is not possible to use the classical Euclidean distance upon which K-Means is normally based. An adaptation of the Jaccard distance between sets is used, which exploits application-sensitive information. More in particular, the Hartigan and Wong variation of K-Means is adopted, which can favor the fast attainment of a careful solution. The HWK-Sets algorithm can flexibly use various stochastic seeding techniques. Since the difficulty of calculating a mean among the sets of a cluster, the concept of a medoid is employed as a cluster representative (centroid), which always remains a data object of the application. The paper describes the HWK-Sets clustering algorithm and outlines its current implementation in Java based on parallel streams. After that, the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated by applying it to 15 benchmark datasets.

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Binomial Population of Biological Objects

Opinion

Let the system consist of n of the same type and independent biological individuals with the same indicator p survival at a given interval [0,T] time [1]. Let us assume that a population is subject to an epidemic that leads to the death of some of the individuals.

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Copulas in Gene’s Relation

Opinion

Genes are considered as segments of DNA that provide instructions for the production of specific proteins or RNA molecules. Genes can be related to one another in a variety of ways. These relationships can play important roles in the regulation of cellular processes and functions, as well as in the development and evolution of organisms. Gene relation refers to the relationship between two or more genes in terms of their function, location, or sequence similarity. In studying the expression and relationship of genes, researchers can get a sense of how gene-information is used to know cell functions and how changes in gene expression or regulation can lead to disease. As an example, co-expression analysis can help to determine gene-groups that are functionally related and may be involved in specific biological processes or diseases. Also, network analysis can be used to identify regulatory relationships between genes as well as to build gene regulation networks that control specific cellular processes. See also Allocco et al. [1], Elise et al. [2], Ruan et al. [3] & Song et al. [4], By interacting with each other, genes form a complicated network. The relationship between groups of genes with different functions can be represented as gene networks. Since the accessibility of the large gene expression data, several methods have been developed to analyze the gene-to-gene relationship. Copula approach is being used to study the relationship between the expression profiles of pairs of genes, since a copula is a multivariate model that can be used for explaining gene-gene dependence.

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Resolving Issues at Host Level Using Variable Reduction Methods: Case of Cornudiscoides Spp. (Platyhelminthes: Monogenoidea)

 

Abstract

Taxonomy deals with delineating and classifying organisms, and traditionally relies on morphological characters only. We have used morphological characters, and molecular biology to distinguish monogenoids at generic and specific levels. Principal Component Analysis provided a magnifying glass to resolve the taxonomic issues as well as their host levels.

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Genomics of Newly Discovered Leprosy Pathogen: Mycobacterium lepromatosis and Its Geographic Isolation in Mexico

Overview

Leprosy is a chronic dermatologic infection that has plagued human populations for thousands of years. Mycobacterium leprae, the etiological agent for leprosy, has puzzled scientists since its identification by Hansen in 1873 [1]. Leprosy is one of the leading causes of treatable neuropathy [2]. It has been affecting mankind since the earliest historically recorded identification and far beyond (2000 B.C, in ancient Indus civilization) [3]. Leprosy is also one of the earliest recognized diseases which have a proven association with the bacterial pathogen, M. leprae [3]. In 2008, a new bacterium, M. lepromatosis was discovered in Mexico which was also reported to cause leprosy [4]. M. lepromatosis was found to be associated with a typical severe form of lepromatous leprosy (LL), called Diffuse Lepromatous Leprosy (DLL) which is usually seen in the Americas [5-7]. DLL is characterized by an unusual form of immune reaction against the pathogen, called Lucio’s phenomenon, characterized by diffuse, non-nodular cutaneous infiltration with sharply demarcated skin lesions, which often gets infected to result in life threatening situations [8,9].

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COVID-19 Epidemic: China and ex-China

 

Abstract

Here we report the current COVID-19 epidemic in terms of mortality and recovery compared to the confirmed patient population of provinces in China as well as countries outside of China. Data was obtained from the Center for System Science and Engineering (CSSE) by Johns Hopkins University (JHU) and was plotted in log-log charts. For China, mortality dropped as low as 0.08% but then converged to a band of 1%-5%, with the median value of 1.1% as of March 9th, 2020. For countries outside of China, mortality dropped to a low of 0.2% with a median value of 2.4% as of March 9th, 2020. This difference was statistically significant with p=0.0057.A bi-modal distribution in mortality was observed for both China and countries outside of China, which would concur with reports mentioning two possible strains of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. China exhibited a median recovery rate of 95.0% with the lowest being Hubei province with a recovery rate of 57%. Outside of China, the median recovery rate was 10.7% and was significantly lower than that of China, p <0.0001, t-test. Distribution-wise, both China and countries outside of China were observed to be similar. As of now, the spread of COVID-19 in countries outside of China are showing properties more similar to that of Hubei–the epicenter of COVID-19 epidemic in China.

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Detection of protein complexes in blood plasma synthesized by malignant glioma cells and their microenvironment by dynamic light scattering depending on the degree of the blood-brain barrier permeability_Crimson Publishers

Detection of protein complexes in blood plasma synthesized by malignant glioma cells and their microenvironment by dynamic light scattering depending on the degree of the blood-brain barrier permeability by Gridina NYa in Open Access Biostatistics & Bioinformatics

In the blood plasma of patients with malignant gliomas of the brain by method dynamic light scattering protein complexes with diameter of more than 150nm were detected, indicating increased permeability of the blood brain/tumor (BBTB) and blood-brain (BBB) barriers. The results of these studies are taken as the basis for the development of the express method for determining the increased permeability of the BBTB and BBB in neurosurgical patients. The method can be used at a certain stage of chemotherapy for patients with malignant gliomas of the brain, depending on the permeability of the BBTB and BBB.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oabb/fulltext/OABB.000551.php

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Comparison of Tuberculosis, Measles, Poliomyelitis and Rubella on Children Aged Less than 15 in a Poor Country: Case of the Republic of Pakistan_Crimson Publishers

 Comparison of Tuberculosis, Measles, Poliomyelitis and Rubella on Children Aged Less than 15 in a Poor Country: Case of the Republic of Pakistan by İlker Etikan in Open Access Biostatistics & Bioinformatics

We compared Measles, Tuberculosis, Poliomyelitis and Rubella infectious diseases in Pakistan on children aged less than 15 years from 2013 to 2018. We collected the registered cases of each disease per years at the World Health Organization (WHO) and at the United Nation International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) website and we used SPSS program to calculate descriptive statistics and plot graphics. We find out that over the past six years, among the four infectious diseases studied, Tuberculosis and Measles were the most present among children aged fewer than 15, their mean over the years was respectively 34430.50 and 20107.50, and their percentage was around 50% Of the whole studied diseases. Rubella and Poliomyelitis were the less infectious disease present among children aged under 15 in Pakistan from 2013 to 2018, their mean over the years was respectively 178.35 and 114.28, and their percentage was around 1% of the whole studied infectious diseases. Furthermore, Away from Poliomyelitis which curve was mostly decreasing over the last six years, all the three other diseases, Tuberculosis, Measles and Rubella had a curve mostly increasing over the last six years.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oabb/fulltext/OABB.000549.php 

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The Stupidity of Criticism_Crimson Publishers

The Stupidity of Criticism by James F Welles in Open Access Biostatistics & Bioinformatics

Fortunately for sensitive egos, people do not have to acknowledge criticism in order to react to it. Corrective reactions may be undertaken without anyone admitting anything was wrong. Demonstrating the power of negative thinking, the accompanying verbal response to warranted but unwelcome criticism is usually to the effect that, “We have not done anything wrong and will not do it again”.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oabb/abstract/OABB.000548.php

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The Stupidity of Communications_Crimson Publishers

 The Stupidity of Communications by James F Welles in Open access Biostatistics & Bioinformatics

In the formation and transformation of culture and its transmission across generations, communication is paramount. In fact, learning, unlearning and relearning are all communicative processes fundamental to the development and existence of culture [1]. This is not a uniquely human phenomenon, as many amniotic species depend upon their considerable learning capabilities in the development of their social organization and general behavior. While this basic cultural process is part of our biological heritage [2], language gives human culture its distinctive flair. In developing the cultural capacity for stupidity to human desiderata, language proved to be a most effective mechanism in that it both inhibits and subverts awareness. It is language which provides us with our basic misperceptions, which culture then embellishes and disseminates. Thus, self-unawareness is promoted when language permits us to misinterpret embarrassing events into socially acceptable contexts. Although sense organs give us our first impressions of our environment, words fix our attitudes, direct the process of data selection and strongly influence the misinterpretation of information so that we may misconstrue experiences.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oabb/pdf/OABB.000547.pdf 

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Stupidity and the Sexes_Crimson Publishers

Stupidity and the Sexes by James F Welles in Open Access Biostatistics & Bioinformatics

Unfortunately, the cognitive basis for much social stupidity is not discrimination based on ability but the human tendency to generalize behavior of differentiated members of a group into the form of a representative stereotype. This streamlines social decisions, as individual variation can be ignored, and reactions keyed to specific characteristics deemed definitive for behavioral inter-action. However, the loss to stereotyping is obvious: individuals are raised up or put down not due to their individual abilities but because they are lumped into a linguistic category. Women, for ex-ample, have been universally and eternally victimized by stereotyping [1] to the degree that 400 years ago expert on females, Cardinal de Richelieu concluded “Intellect in a woman is unbecoming” [2].

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oabb/abstract/OABB.000543.php 

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Breast Cancer Prediction Using Bayesian Logistic Regression_Crimson Publishers

 Breast Cancer Prediction Using Bayesian Logistic Regression by Ashok K Singh in Open Access Biostatistics & Bioinformatics

Prediction of breast cancer based upon several features computed for each subject is a binary classification problem. Several discriminant methods exist for this problem, some of the commonly used methods are: Decision Trees, Random Forest, Neural Network, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Logistic Regression (LR). Except for Logistic Regression, the other listed methods are predictive in nature; LR yields an explanatory model that can also be used for prediction, and for this reason it is commonly used in many disciplines including clinical research. In this article, we demonstrate the method of Bayesian LR to predict breast cancer using the Wisconsin Diagnosis Breast Cancer (WDBC) data set available at the UCI Machine Learning Repository.

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Maximum Oxygen Uptake Prediction Model Based on Heart Rate Variability Parameters for Young Healthy Adult Males at Rest_Crimson publishers

Maximum Oxygen Uptake Prediction Model Based on Heart Rate Variability Parameters for Young Healthy Adult Males at Rest by Wollner Materko in Open Access Biostatistics & Bioinformatics

The assessment of aerobic fitness through the measurement of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) is an objective parameter that integrates cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic responses, providing a reliable assessment of exercise capacity and health status, as well as being useful information for exercise training prescription. The purpose of this study was to determine a model for predicting Maximum Oxygen Uptake based on HRV parameters estimated at rest in 70 young physically active adults. After recording the resting tacho gram with a cardio-frequency meter to calculate HRV parameters, a maximal cardiopulmonary incremental test was performed to measure the VO2 max. The model for predicting VO2 max was obtained by stepwise multiple linear regression assuming as independent variables the mean RR interval, pNN50 index, and a proposed cardiac deceleration rate. The models were cross-validated by K-fold method, and the best model accounted for 76% of data variance, with a standard error of estimate 4.40mL·kg-1min-1. In conclusion, the obtained model might be tested as a tool for predicting the aerobic fitness in adult males in rest based on the mean RR interval and the pNN50HRV parameters. Thus, the findings are not only interesting but important in that they can be performed without the need of applying a stress test and extend the HRV applicability in the evaluation of aerobic capacity and athletic performance.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oabb/fulltext/OABB.000536.php

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Review on Parametric and Nonparametric Methods of Efficiency Analysis_Crimson publishers

Review on Parametric and Nonparametric Methods of Efficiency Analysis by Erkie Asmare in Open access Bio statistics & Bioinformatics

Efficiency analysis using parametric and nonparametric methods have monopolized the recent literature of efficiency measurement. However, the choice of estimation method has been an issue of debate. This review was aimed to: provide information on the concepts, types and methods of applying parametric and nonparametric methods of efficiency analysis and review on the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods of efficiency analysis. Parametric methods of efficiency analysis have significant advantages by distinguishing and modeling the random noise from inefficiency. However, this method requires specification of the model and separating random noise from the true in efficiency may be restrictive in most cases. On the other hand, the nonparametric method has the potential to impose axiomatic properties and estimate the frontier nonparametrically. In addition, it has gained popularity because of it does not have as many restrictive assumptions as parametric method. However, nonparametric methods have deficiencies; because of it does not distinguish between the true inefficiency and statistical noise effects. Therefore, the full distance from a brand to the efficiency frontier is interpreted as inefficiency. Generally, the parametric technique is more attractive when the data suffer from serious measurement errors and random events. On the other way, nonparametric may be a better choice when random disturbances are less of an issue. Therefore, a parametric and nonparametric method is not direct competitors but rather complements: in the trade off between parametric and nonparametric, something is sacrificed for something to be gained. Hence, joint use of parametric and non-parametric techniques to the measurement of efficiency is a novel issue in efficiency study.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oabb/fulltext/OABB.000534.php

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Profile, Pattern and Outcome of Shri Amaranth Ji Yatri Patients attending Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India during Holy Yatra of 2017_Crimson Publishers

Profile, Pattern and Outcome of Shri Amaranth Ji Yatri Patients attending Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India during Holy Yatra of 2017 by Mohammad Sarwar Mir in Open Access Biostatistics & Bioinformatics 

Introduction: Located deep in the Himalayas, the cave of Amarnath is one of the holiest pilgrimage site for Hindus in general and Shiva followers in particular. It is regarded to be the abode of Lord Shiva. Because of high altitude, rough terrain, harsh weather, pilgrims are prone to many illnesses which sometimes these prove fatal.

Objective: To study the profile, pattern and outcome, among Shri Amarnath Ji yatri patients attending SKIMS in year 2017.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/oabb/fulltext/OABB.000525.php

high impact journals in Crimson Publishers?

 https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-high-impact-journals-in-Crimson-Publishers

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Lindemann’s Conjecture_Crimson Publishers

Lindemann’s Conjecture by Kostas Psaromiligkos in Open Access Biostatistics & Bio information


X. Sun’s description of co-pair wise right-reducible groups was a milestone in convex K-theory. Now it is well known that every ideal is irreducible. A useful survey of the subject can be found in [4]. Here, injectivity is trivially a concern. Every student is aware that there exists arithmetic and injective Riemannian, minimal isometry. We wish to extend the results of [5] to ordered primes. In, the main result was the derivation of Minkowski [6], unconditionally contra-complex measure spaces. This reduces the results of [7] to standard techniques of analysis.

https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/OABB.000524.php

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